Decentralized distributed ledgers deployed across heterogeneous edge topologies frequently suffer from transaction throughput degradation caused by asynchronous validator latency and uncoordinated cross-shard communication. In this paper, we formulate an Adaptive State-Partitioned Consensus (ASPC) protocol that dynamically recalibrates shard clustering based on peer link quality and localized compute density. We establish formal safety and liveness bounds under non-synchronous network bounds and demonstrate a 3.8x throughput speedup over standard PBFT variants under peak stress conditions across a 250-node geographic testbed.